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Vitamin D decreases bone loss and lowers the risk of fracture, especially in older adults. Along with calcium, vitamin D also helps to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Adequate vitamin D is needed for efficient calcium absorption. Vitamin D is normally made in the skin after exposure to sunlight. (See "Patient education: Vitamin D deficiency ...Disclaimer: This generalized information is a limited summary of diagnosis, treatment, and/or medication information. It is not meant to be comprehensive and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and/or …Vaginal yeast infections (also called yeast vaginitis or vaginal candidiasis) are a common problem in women. The most common symptoms are itching and irritation of the vulva and around the opening of the vagina. Vaginal yeast infections usually occur as infrequent episodes, but can recur frequently and may cause chronic persistent symptoms.- Advantages and disadvantages of oral anticoagulants - LMW heparin dosing renal insufficiency (adults) - Anticoagulant dose adjustment in liver disease - Possible contraindications to anticoagulation - Standard dosing of DOACs - DOACs PK and drug interactions - Inhibitors and inducers of P-glycoprotein drug efflux - DOAC absorption …UpToDate: Trusted, evidence-based solutions for modern healthcare. Dedicated to continuously innovating to meet the needs of the rapidly changing medical landscape, the UpToDate® suite offers clinical, drug, patient and member content to support health professionals wherever care takes place. Subscribe To UpToDate.

Aeromonas species grow at a range of temperatures, although they are isolated with increasing frequency during warmer months (May through October in the Northern hemisphere). Aeromonas species cause a wide spectrum of disease syndromes among warm- and cold-blooded animals, including fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and humans [ 3,4 ].

These include fever of unknown origin, bacteremic seeding of heart valves and prosthetic devices, preterm birth of low birth weight children, and an increased risk for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular events. The complications, diagnosis, and treatment of odontogenic infections will be reviewed here.

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a clinical radiographic syndrome of heterogeneous etiologies that are grouped together because of similar findings on neuroimaging studies. It is also often referred to as: To continue reading this article, you must sign in with your personal, hospital, or group practice subscription ...Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly treated cardiac arrhythmia. AF is generally associated with an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm and absence of distinct P waves. This topic will provide a broad overview of the classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and sequelae of AF, including new-onset AF.Gastroesophageal reflux becomes a disease when it either causes macroscopic damage to the esophagus or causes symptoms. This topic will review the initial management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and management of patients with recurrent GERD when treatment is discontinued. Our recommendations are largely …Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections and is an increasingly frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among older adult hospitalized patients [ 1-3 ]. CDI is also increasingly diagnosed in younger patients and in the community.A table summarizing the emergency management of acute hyponatremia in adults is provided ( table 1 ). An alternative approach, recommended in by European organizations, is to treat with two 150 mL bolus infusions of 3 percent saline, each given over 20 minutes, measuring the serum sodium between infusions [ 28 ].

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The clinical approach to S. aureus bacteremia consists of careful history and physical examination, infectious disease consultation, and diagnostic evaluation including echocardiography and additional imaging as needed. History and physical examination. History – A careful history and physical examination is essential.

Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a painful rash caused by varicella-zoster virus (the same virus that causes chickenpox). After a person has had chickenpox, the virus continues to reside in the body, causing no symptoms. Later in life, it can become active again, causing the shingles rash. The term "shingles" comes from the Latin word ...UpToDate is a trusted and evidence-based clinical resource tool that provides comprehensive and updated information on various medical topics. Log in to access the full content and features of UpToDate, or register for a free trial or subscription.Remember Dollar Shave Club? It's the service that delivers fresh razors to your doorstep, monthly, for a fraction of the cost of the grocery-store equivalent. They had a killer vir...Angioedema is self-limited, localized subcutaneous (or submucosal) swelling, which results from extravasation of fluid into interstitial tissues. Angioedema may occur in isolation, accompanied by urticaria, or as a component of anaphylaxis. The clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of angioedema will be …Find out how much you'll pay in Minnesota state income taxes given your annual income. Customize using your filing status, deductions, exemptions and more. Calculators Helpful Guid...Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials.Group A Streptococcus (GAS), or Streptococcus pyogenes, is the leading bacterial cause of tonsillopharyngitis in adults and children worldwide. GAS is one of the few causes of tonsillopharyngitis or pharyngitis for which antibiotic treatment is recommended. The treatment and prevention of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis is reviewed here.

Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Dr. Mary Catherine Beach, professor in the Division of General Internal Medicine, ...With so much change in the world of patient care, it is clear that access to continuously updated and reliable data is critical for both provider and patient satisfaction. …Apr 5, 2024 · INTRODUCTION. —. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis. UpToDate is an online clinical resource tool for physicians and patients that provides information on various specialties and topics. Click on one of the specialties to see …Nov 7, 2023 · Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes irregular menstrual periods, symptoms of excess androgens (acne, hirsutism, and scalp hair loss), and ovaries that appear "polycystic" on pelvic ultrasound. The condition occurs in approximately 5 to 10 percent of females. Many females with PCOS are overweight or obese, and they are at ... Jan 25, 2023 · The azoles that are available for systemic use can be classified into two groups: the triazoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole) and the imidazoles (ketoconazole). An overview of the use of azole agents for the treatment of various systemic fungal infections will be reviewed here.

The global prevalence of hypertension is high, and among nonpregnant adults in the United States, treatment of hypertension is the most common reason for office visits and for the use of chronic prescription medications [ 1-3 ]. In addition, roughly one-half of hypertensive individuals do not have adequate blood pressure control.

The diagnosis of iron deficiency (low iron stores, as measured by iron studies or other testing) is a major public health goal and an important aspect of the care of many adults. This topic will review the causes of iron deficiency in adults and an approach to the diagnostic evaluation. Treatment of iron deficiency in adults is discussed ...INTRODUCTION. —. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis.A smart device with cutting-edge smart technology that helps you master your smoking habit and reduce cigarette consumption. A smart device with cutting-edge smart technology that ...Sign in with Microsoft. Sign in with Open Athens. Sign in Another Way. If your organization permits Single Sign-On (SSO) for UpToDate, you may use your email address here.UpToDate provides clinical and drug information, patient education, and AI-powered technologies to support better patient care. Learn about the UpToDate suite of solutions, research, integrations, experts, and CME resources.The use of any anticoagulant is associated with an increased risk of bleeding, and bleeding complications can be life-threatening. Management of bleeding in individuals who are receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) can be challenging because routine coagulation tests cannot generally be used to determine the degree of …INTRODUCTION. —. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis.

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Hypoglycemia is the most common acute complication of glucose-lowering therapy and is associated with poor outcomes and quality of life in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemia is more common among patients with type 1 diabetes than those with type 2 diabetes and is usually limited to patients with type 2 diabetes treated …CAUSES OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. The main reasons for low levels of vitamin D are: Lack of vitamin D in the diet, often in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure. Reduced absorption of vitamin D from the intestines. Reduced processing of vitamin D due to kidney or liver disease.Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a supplement and cyanide antidote): Pediatric drug information. Hydroxychloroquine: Pediatric drug information. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (United States: Withdrawn from market): Pediatric drug information. Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide): Pediatric drug information.UpToDate is a trusted online resource for clinicians worldwide, providing up-to-date information and improving patient care. Choose your country, role and profession to …Use the resource trusted by healthcare practitioners worldwide. Patients and their caregivers can learn more about a medical condition and explore treatment options using UpToDate, the same resource trusted by more than 2 million clinicians around the world. After you read the information in UpToDate, you will have the tools and the confidence ...Osteoporosis is caused by the cumulative effect of bone resorption in excess of bone formation. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption with relatively few side effects. As a result, they are widely used to prevent osteoporotic fractures. The use of bisphosphonates for the management of osteoporosis will be reviewed here.Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and, less commonly, fungi. The most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in the United States is a type of bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus). Other bacteria can cause pneumonia as well.The signs and symptoms of anemia include paleness, weakness, and fatigue. Impaired kidney function — The excess proteins and high blood calcium levels associated with MM can damage the kidneys. Kidney function is abnormal at diagnosis in about half of individuals with multiple myeloma.Oral options include penicillin V potassium, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefadroxil. Parenteral options include cefazolin, nafcillin, and flucloxacillin. (See 'Treatment of erysipelas' above.) Duration of antibiotic therapy – We suggest five to six days of therapy rather than longer durations ( Grade 2C ).Mar 19, 2024 · Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas. Overall mortality rates in acute pancreatitis are approximately 2 percent, but can be as high as 30 percent in patients with persistent organ failure (severe acute pancreatitis) [ 1 ]. This topic reviews the management of acute pancreatitis.

EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS. The history and physical examination in patients presenting with a severely elevated blood pressure (or an acute rise in blood pressure over a previously normal baseline, even if the presenting pressure is <180/120 mmHg) should determine whether any of the following are present [ 1,5 ]: Acute head …About UpToDate UpToDate is the evidence-based, point-of-care resource trusted for reliable clinical answers around the world. UpToDate incorporates the latest medical findings, the best available evidence, and practical recommendations for patient care — so whatever your clinical question, you can be sure to find the answers you need.INTRODUCTION. The management of infective endocarditis (IE) includes prompt diagnosis, treatment with antimicrobial therapy, and in some cases of complicated IE, surgical management. Preventive measures including antimicrobial prophylaxis may reduce the risk of initial and recurrent IE for patients with relevant risk factors.Instagram:https://instagram. spiderman unlimted Sign in with Microsoft. Sign in with Open Athens. Sign in Another Way. If your organization permits Single Sign-On (SSO) for UpToDate, you may use your email address here. If not, please enter your Username.The subacute and long-term assessment and management of patients who have suffered a stroke includes physical therapy and testing to determine the precise etiology of the event so as to prevent recurrence. The acute management differs. Immediate goals include minimizing brain injury, treating medical complications, and moving toward … rock and roll font INTRODUCTION. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and sometimes fatal disease. The approach to the evaluation should be efficient while simultaneously avoiding the risks of unnecessary testing so that therapy can be promptly initiated and potential morbidity and mortality avoided [].Oct 6, 2023 · PARENTERAL DRUGS. A variety of parenteral and oral antihypertensive drugs are available for use in these patients ( table 1) [ 1-7 ]. Few studies have compared these agents with one another, and all are tolerated reasonably well [ 8,9 ]. Thus, the drug of choice is often dictated by the type of hypertensive emergency and the local hospital ... restorative circle The management of bowel obstruction depends upon the etiology, severity, and location of the obstruction. The goals of initial management are to relieve discomfort and restore normal fluid volume, acid-base balance, and electrolytes. Bowel compromise (ischemia, necrosis, or perforation) and a surgically correctable cause of SBO (eg ... ace hardware application Licensed to: UpToDate Marketing Professional Support Tag : [0602 - 207.46.13.154 - FBF59F1322 - PR14 - UPT - 20240510-02:21:15UTC] - SM - MD - LG - XL Loading UpToDate support knowledge center. Find answers to frequently asked questions in over 150 fully searchable articles. Search specific keywords or view trending articles. UpToDate customer service and support professionals are available to assist you, or search our self-service help resources for answers to frequently asked questions. free live sports stream Dec 11, 2023 · Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the disease COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019 [ 1 ]. The WHO declared an end to the COVID-19 global health emergency in May 2023, more than three years after its emergence. This topic will discuss the virology, epidemiology, and prevention of COVID-19. how to change default search engine The use of any anticoagulant is associated with an increased risk of bleeding, and bleeding complications can be life-threatening. Management of bleeding in individuals who are receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) can be challenging because routine coagulation tests cannot generally be used to determine the degree of …Apr 5, 2024 · INTRODUCTION. —. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of CAP varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis. heller's gas propane Nov 10, 2023 · Pneumococcal vaccination is indicated for adults with risk factors for pneumococcal disease or for severe adverse outcomes should disease occur. Pneumococcal vaccination is also a routine part of infant and childhood immunization schedules worldwide. This topic will review types of pneumococcal vaccines, indications and approach to vaccine ... PARENTERAL DRUGS. A variety of parenteral and oral antihypertensive drugs are available for use in these patients ( table 1) [ 1-7 ]. Few studies have compared these agents with one another, and all are tolerated reasonably well [ 8,9 ]. Thus, the drug of choice is often dictated by the type of hypertensive emergency and the local hospital ... ayuno intermitente Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating motor weakness involving ocular, bulbar, limb, and/or respiratory muscles. The weakness is due to an antibody-mediated, immunologic attack directed at proteins in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (acetylcholine receptors or ... co dependents anonymous online meetings UpToDate personal subscriptions support physicians with evidence-based clinical recommendations. With so much change in the world of patient care, it is clear that access to continuously updated and reliable data is critical for both provider and patient satisfaction. UpToDate® connects you to the most current medical research and findings ...The management of bowel obstruction depends upon the etiology, severity, and location of the obstruction. The goals of initial management are to relieve discomfort and restore normal fluid volume, acid-base balance, and electrolytes. Bowel compromise (ischemia, necrosis, or perforation) and a surgically correctable cause of SBO (eg ... set alarm 8 30 An overview of the approach to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women will be presented here. The diagnosis and evaluation of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and the management of osteoporosis in other patient groups are discussed separately. (See "Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and … razerzone chroma The spectrum of activity and pharmacology of combination beta-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, and monobactams will be reviewed here. The mechanisms of action and resistance and major adverse reactions of the beta-lactam antibiotics, issues related to penicillins, and cephalosporins are discussed separately.This topic will focus on the treatment of hypernatremia induced by water loss, which is the most common cause. The treatment of hypernatremia in patients with impaired thirst, with or without arginine vasopressin disorders, and with primary sodium overload will also be reviewed. The causes and evaluation of patients with hypernatremia and the ...